نشریه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 35، پاییز 1401)

The present study was conducted in order to develop rural tourism with the aim of investigating the satisfaction of tourists. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey research in terms of correlational type. The statistical population of this study is rural tourists in 1400 in Vanai village of Boroujerd. Available sampling method was used to select the samples. The method of collecting information and data, field and its tools have made a researcher questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face validity and validity of structures and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The correlation test shows that there is a significant relationship between spatial infrastructure, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self-fulfillment needs, physical needs and satisfaction. According to regression coefficients, infrastructure, physical needs and self-fulfillment needs and safety needs have a direct and positive relationship with the dependent variable, ie satisfaction. The results of the present study generally indicate that the satisfaction of tourists due to the nature of travel and also the motivations of tourists is acceptable.Keywords: Rural tourism, Satisfaction, Boroujerd

Population growth, information technology changes, climate change, quantitative and qualitative changes in water and economic developments of the 21st century have greatly affected the rural economy. So that managing the rural economy against these changes and shocks requires recognizing the dynamic capacity of its constituents. The research method is based on the purpose of the user and the type is descriptive and analytical. This research was conducted in 1398 with the aim of researching the sustainability of the rural economy of the central district of Urmia. The method of collecting is documentary and field information. The statistical population of the study was 9305 households from which 385 people were selected as a sample through Cochran's formula. The sampling method was simple random. Data collection tool was a questionnaire based on variables (agricultural economy, services and industry) in Likert scale. The results show that services and industry activities have contributed to the dynamics of the rural economy that have been somehow dependent on agriculture. Tourism and nature tourism in the services, handicrafts and leather and furniture industries are heavily dependent on farming and livestock activities, which, in the eyes of the people, drive the economy of the village. In these activities, production, cost and production diversification have made a major contribution to the sustainability of the rural economy, ensuring that the rural economy in the region is sustained.

Life expectancy shows having a better and more appropriate standard of living. As a result, Awareness of the above index in rural areas helps government officials and rural planners in decision making. The aim of this secondary data analysis research was to estimate and zoning of life expectancy in rural areas of Iran in 2016. In the research method, based on the official secondary data of the country, the life expectancy table was created and life expectancy were calculated for the rural areas of the provinces of the country, then these areas were zoned using Arc GIS. Based on the results, Tehran province in terms of villagers’ life expectancy has the best location among all of provinces. The amount of this index in Tehran province was different from 74.60 for all of rural people to 74.71 for rural women and 74.50 years for rural men. The worst situation of villagers’ life expectancy in Iran was related to Sistan and Blochestan province, because, the amount of this index was for all villagers’ people 67.26 and for women 67.76 and finally for men 66.76 years. The highest life expectancy between all groups and provinces, related to Tehran province rural women’s with 74.71 years and the lowest was related to the rural men of Sistan and Baluchestan with 66.76 years. Women had more life expectancy than men in all provinces. Finally, the rural people of different provinces placed in three areas of good, moderate and weak in terms of life expectancy index. Planners and policymakers can take over the elimination of deficiencies and deficits in weak areas and improve life expectancy in other areas of the appropriate actions.

Recently, special attention has been paid to the role of culture in the sustainable development ‎of society. Individuals and societies have their own values, meanings, customs and knowledge ‎systems. However, such features are often overlooked in development planning. The purpose ‎of this study is to analyze the risk of cultural literacy in rural areas in the spiritual capital of ‎rural landscape of Lorestan province. The research method of this article is in the framework ‎of library and documentary studies, and Dimatel cause and effect tool was used to analyze the ‎information. On the cultural literacy of the villages, the factors of professional and ‎ethnocentric algebra beliefs with a weight coefficient of 1.296 and 0.848, respectively, as ‎influential factors, and on the other hand, the factors of spatial perception and knowledge, ‎insight and skill with a weight coefficient of 229, respectively. 1- and 077 / 1- have been ‎considered as the most effective criteria among the effective indicators on cultural literacy risk ‎among villages. Based on this, the factors of professional and ethnocentric beliefs are ‎identified and identified as causes and factors of spatial perception and knowledge, insight and ‎skill, spatial perception and values and norms under the name of factors in the field of ‎spiritual capital. Became.‎

Mamsani has undergone profound political and administrative changes at the crossroads of history. These developments have taken place in a primitive context and based on the identifiers of tribal culture. One of Mamsani's settlements is the Gachgaran village, which is considered to be the home of the Gachgaran people. The political activism of the residents of this settlement is not only separate from other Memsani settlements, but is formed in a tribal context. With this approach, the question is raised, what is the role of tribalism as a historical phenomenon in the political participation and local management of Gachgaran village in the central part of Mamsani? It seems that the tribal culture has played a role in the political participation and local management of Gachgaran village through the institutionalization of the traditional ethnic/kinship model and the intensification of the excitement of the residents. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Among the indicators of tribal culture as an independent variable are: local-tribal emotions, habitat loyalty, nepotism, limited demands of individuals and groups and hometown rivalry. Among the indicators of political participation as a dependent variable are: the special work of the representatives, the election of the Islamic Council, the Dispute Resolution Council and the Village Islamic Council. In this regard, the performance index of the village assistant is considered as another dependent variable for local management. The data were collected by library/documentary (statistics) and field (observation and interview) method. The output of the research shows that tribal culture, by producing ethnic/kinship tendencies and intensifying excitement and emotions, plays an effective role in increasing the political participation of village residents in political moments such as political gatherings in the context of history, the elections of the Islamic Council Parliament and The Village Islamic Council. On the other hand, the selection of local managers in Village Association, House of Justice and army of Science after the land reforms and village governor after the Islamic Revolution based on kinship/tribal considerations and not on the basis of expertise/merit-oriented has fueled the inefficiency of local management in Gachgaran village.

Natural resources are the main sources of income for many villagers of country. The diversity of stakeholders in natural resources field, leads to the conflict. Recognition of the effective factors in the conflict between the stakeholders are very importatnt in natural resource management. This study was done in Rural Regions of Southern Ardebil and legal, managerial, exploitation, and social components were examined from the perspectives of both experts and beneficiaries. To accomplish the research, 240 questionnaires were completed in target population. The validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare differences between two groups. The results show that in addition to the natural resources conflict in the whole region, in terms of perspective, there is a significant difference between the factors affecting the conflict between the local community and government experts. The most important components for increasing the conflict in this region from the perspective of stakeholders are lack of government support for the operator, cut down trees, people awareness level, and according to the experts, lack of law, early grazing and level of awareness of stakeholders. Land grabbing, Coaling, wood smuggling, and understory tillage aren’t the most challenging issues. From the managerial point of view, both groups have declared that the most effective way to reduce the conflict is the confinement of forests and pastures, but the participatory management issues was not accepted according to the two groups’ viewpoints. Effective presence of experts in the field, recognizing the livelihood potentials of the region, and encouraging and educating people to know alternative jobs are suitable ways to reduce conflict.

The critical situation of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, especially the Sistan region, has faced a serious problem in the process of sustainable development in this region. Insufficient attention to the optimal management of agricultural water resources and the continuation of some current incorrect methods is one of the main factors in the failure to achieve sustainable agricultural and rural development. In this research, with the optimal management of the Hirmand River in the agricultural sector, an attempt has been made to develop the agricultural and rural sectors of the Sistan region. For this purpose, game theory has been used to allocate water between agricultural lands in rural areas of Sistan in 2020-2021. The meta-heuristic algorithm was used to run the game, combining a dynamic genetic algorithm and fuzzy programming method. The results showed that the use of the proposed model could lead to an efficient and fair distribution of water between irrigated areas and different crops so that maximum profit is obtained from this allocation and by increasing irrigation efficiency from 35 to 50 and 70% of the total profit will increase from 314810 to 544390 and 896050 million Rials. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that high-yield crops such as onions and melons be replaced with low-yield crops such as wheat and barley. Also, due to the water crisis in the Sistan region, the results of Stackelberg game modeling in this study can be used for optimal water allocation in the Sistan region.

Population growth, along with the development of industry and agriculture, has led to an increase in water consumption. Limited surface water resources have led to over-harvesting of groundwater aquifers and has had irreparable consequences for the country's water resources and environment, including the subsidence phenomenon, which has covered most of the country's plains. The present research aims to identify the effective factors and areas at risk of subsidence in Fadafan village of Kashmar. For risk zoning, during 2019, the lithology, land use, Petrology, aquifer Extraction rate, Distance from the stream, Fault, exploitation wells, springs and aqueducts factors as well as geomorphological factors including slope, direction and height studied and each factor turned into an information layer, then modeling and evaluation were performed using random forest algorithm in R software. Then, to determine the areas prone to subsidence, risk zoning maps in five classes were extracted using two methods of information value and area density in ArcGIS environment. The results showed that in the methods of area density and information value, 97.01 and 91.04% of subsidence were in the very- high and high-risk class, respectively. Therefore, both methods have been successful in risk zoning. Also, the aquifer extraction and land use factors are most important in subsidence. Also based on the ROC curve, random forest algorithm with very high accuracy (93%) has provided good results in prioritizing and the importance of effective factors in subsidence. The southern part of the region with rangeland use, has the highest and irrigated agriculture in the region has the lowest risk in the spatial development of land subsidence.As a result, aquifer recharge management by spreading floods and reducing water extraction in the southern part of the region can be effective and practical in reducing the risk of occurrence and development of subsidence.